Israel Bartal is professor of Jewish history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences. He is author of The Jews of Eastern Europe, 1772–1881 and Tangled Roots: The Emergence of Israeli Culture. He lives in Jerusalem, Israel. Kenneth B. Moss is Harriet and Ulrich E. Meyer Professor of Jewish History at the University of Chicago. He is the author of Jewish Renaissance in the Russian Revolution and An Unchosen People: Jewish Political Reckoning in Interwar Poland. He lives in Chicago, IL.